Buddhism The 4 noble truths Essay - 2091 Words

Buddhism’s Four Noble Truths Siddharta Gautama was twenty-nine years old when he abandoned his family to search for a means to bring to an end his and other’s suffering after studying meditation for many years. At age thirty-five, Siddharta Gautama sat down under the shade of a fig tree to meditate and he determined to meditate until he reached enlightenment. After seven weeks he received the Great Enlightenment which he referred to as the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Path. Henceforth he became known as the Buddha. In The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching, Thich Nhat Hanh provides a citation from the Buddha, which gives insight into the cure of our distress. â€Å"I teach only suffering and the transformation of suffering† (Thich Nhat†¦show more content†¦Expressed in a slightly different way, one may conclude that everything in the world, is ultimately unsatisfying. One also may conclude: it is impossible to satisfy ourselves with worldly things. This may be the best translation of them all. The fact that we cannot be ultimately satisfied means all aspects of life are filled with dukkha, and this causes suffering. Buddha further suggested that there are three kinds of dukkha. Everyday dukkha (dukkha-dukkha) relates to the ups and downs of daily living, birth, death, and physical pain. The dukkha of change or changing circumstances (virapinama-dukkha) recognizes that we have an innate desire to keep things the way they are when they are good but we cannot. Finally, dukkha ca used by the innate flaw of our conditioned existence (samkara-dukkha) describes the dissatisfaction or difficulty that arises from the fact that we are not perfect, eternal beings but are made up of the five skandha (aggregates) which become the hooks on which our attachments hang. It is these attachments that are at the root of our suffering. The Second Noble Truth is that the source of our suffering is craving and desire. When we look at psychological suffering, it is easy to see how craving causes it. The Second Noble Truth says that getting what you want does notShow MoreRelatedBuddhism And Hinduism : The 4 Noble Truths And The Eightfold Path1967 Words   |  8 PagesBoth initially originating in the Himalaya and written in Sanskrit, Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the main religions on the continent of Asia. Many believe that Buddhism first originated in Northern India in the 5th century B.C.E. when Siddhartha Guatama (the son of a king) rebelled against his father and went out into the world in hope of finding a way to end suffering . After trying many things, he eventually sat down beneath a bodhi tree to meditate. Supposedly by morning, he was said to haveRead MoreTheology: Overview of Buddhism1327 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Buddhism is a world religion based on the teachings of Buddha, who was born Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal around 563 B.C.E. and lived in Nepal and India. 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Attention Getter: â€Å"God said, let there be light: and there was light.† For Christians, Jesus is their only God. However, as the founder of another famousRead MoreBuddhism Research Paper1724 Words   |  7 PagesSkalkottas English 3-4 CP October 13, 2011 Buddhism The main focus of Buddhism is that the faith centers on correct understanding of human nature and ultimate reality, The Buddha was also called the Enlightened One, he taught that the way to eliminate suffering begins with understanding the true nature of the world. He rejected speculation about such matters as God, the nature of the universe, and the afyterlife, urging his folloers to focus instead on the Four Noble Truths by which they canRead MoreChristian View of Buddhism764 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism is one of the largest religions in the world, and it is continually expanding throughout the world. Buddhism comes from budhi, which means to awaken, the goal of Buddhism. Buddhism is a very open and adaptive religion. Because of this, there are over 80,000 different types of Buddhism. The two most widest beleived being Mahayanna and Theraveda. There are about 3-4 million Buddhists in America now. Buddhism is rich in history and it appeals to millions, as it spreads messages of peaceRead More Comparing Buddhims, Taoism, and Confucianism Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesreligions of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. While researching this paper, I came across this quote from an unknown source that stated, ?No civilization is monochrome. In China the classical tones of Confucianism have been balanced not only by the spiritual shades of Buddhism, but also by the romantic hues of Taoism?. As each religion is surmised the similarities and differences between them will be revealed. Buddhism is the religions of about 400 million people in the Orient. 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There are three main branches of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism , Mahayana Buddhism and Tantric Buddhism. About 2,500 years ago, Prince Siddhartha

Essay on Persuasion by Jane Austen - 688 Words

Persuasion by Jane Austen Silence and Signals Direct communication is impossible due to social rules and proprieties. The prose style becomes chaotic and troubled as it is reflects a tormented mind filled with repetitions (Eight years, almost eight years had passed), urgent rhetorical questions (What might eight years not do?), exclamations (how natural, how certain too!), and interjections (Alas! With all her reasonings she found that to retentive feelings eight years may be little more than nothing). So Annes consciousness permeates the presentation of their meeting and pinpoints the difficulties of polite society, the veil behind all must act, he signals and performs enough to mark an easy footing. We see then the†¦show more content†¦Mary tells Anne Captain Wentworths observance to somebody else that Anne was so altered, that he should not of known her again. This communication was not supposed to be related to her and erects another obstacle between them and the resolution of their love. Whilst this revelation shat ters her it also erases her hope: a conviction in which she stoically rejoices. Her time then is spent agonizing between the emotional and passionate self and the composed sober self, hope and circumspection. The reader is privileged with an insight into his mind and we see that he is still hurt but ultimately still feels the same towards her as he did eight years ago, and the potential of the renewal of his love: He had not forgiven Anne Elliot. She had used him ill, deserted and disappointed him She had given him up to oblige others. It had been the effect of over-persuasion His bright proud eye spoke the happy conviction that he was nice; and Anne Elliot was not out of his thoughts, when he more than seriously described the woman he wished to meet with. A strong mind, with sweetness of manner, made the first and last of the description. Whilst we are thus informed by this mixed method of presentation of different types of consciousness, Anne is left floundering, guessing and interpreting his gestures and glances. He does not speak to her other than to say what civilitiesShow MoreRelatedPersuasion by Jane Austen1472 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen, considered one of the most famous Romantic writers during her time, was praised for her ability and skill to write a good characterization. Persuasion, one of the most famous novels by Austen, is a good example of writing in which depicts her use of characterization and use of ironic styles in social relationships between classes in a society. In Persuasion, Austen uses attractive plots, different types of conflicts, rich characterization, and unique style to portray the emotions andRead MorePersuasion - Jane Austen1901 Words   |  8 PagesJaneca Latore AP English 12 Mr. Connelly April 7, 2012 Persuasion In Persuasion, the last of Jane Austen’s works, the readers are immediately intrigued by the autumnal tone of the piece, and the mellowness of the main character, Anne Elliot. Anne, a twenty-seven year old upper middle class woman, met and fell in love with Captain Frederick Wentworth at the age of nineteen. She was however, forced to break off the relationship at the time because Wentworth was deemed an unsuitable match. EightRead MoreJane Austen Persuasion1664 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Elmasri Sam Arkin Humanities Core 1A Monday December 7, 2009 Obliging Compliance and Private Rapture Jane Austen weaves the theme of travel throughout her novel, Persuasion, to solidify the value she places on sincerity of character in relation to social decorum. However, travel in this context is more broadly defined as any change or movement from one place to another. Changes of setting, social standing, or time, for instance, are all examples of travel that result in the reinforcementRead MorePersuasion, By Jane Austen826 Words   |  4 PagesAshley Lopez Novel: Persuasion (1818) Author: Jane Austen (1775-1817) Central Characters: Anne Elliot, the sensible daughter of Sir Walter Elliot. She is the middle daughter and is often disregarded. Sir Walter Elliot, father of Elizabeth, Anne, and Mary ( Elliot Musgrove). He is your typical upper class superior and is very vain. He drives the family into debt. Captain Frederick Wentworth, the young gentlemen who Anne loves. Their love creates this story. Other Characters: Elizabeth Elliot, theRead MorePersuasion, By Jane Austen1550 Words   |  7 Pages Kathleen Hayes October 2nd, 2014 Paper #1 Prompt #9 In Jane Austen’s Persuasion, it may appear to some readers that Austen writes from a conservative perspective that reinforces women’s submissive and inferior roles in society. Many of the female characters seem to perpetuate traditional and oppressive gender roles, and a central plot line for most of the female characters involves finding a man to marry as a means of attaining ultimate happiness. However, while there are many examples of Austen’sRead MoreJane Austen s Novel Persuasion1657 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s novel Persuasion explores how society worked in the 1800’s. It shows the issues of living in a patriarchal society and how social class was very important. Through Sir Walter Elliot’s character, it is shown how the upper classes have certain standards of behaviour and character traits that they show. Austen begins the novel with â€Å"Sir Walter Elliot, of Kellynch Hall, in Somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the Baronetage; there he found occupationRead MoreJane Austen s Persuasion 1822 Words   |  8 PagesJane Austen’s title â€Å"Persuasion† is very relatable to characters in many different ways. The first character that this title can relate to very much is Anne Elliot. She is the protagonist of Persuasion, and is very intelligent and thoughtful. Anne takes pride in her looks but gets very sad after overhearing Captain Wentworth think she has changed her appearance for the worst. However, overall, her persuasion comes from within herself as she is not only intelligent but also very strong willed. WeRead MoreA Close Analysis Of Jane Austen s Persuasion1098 Words   |  5 PagesA close analysis of Jane Austen’s Persuasion (Extract 3) Many readers of Persuasion believe Austen uses the namesake â€Å"persuasion† too neutrally. She appears to passively describe the results when the protagonist is persuaded to abandon Wentworth’s first proposal, but actually has much to say on being persuadable, and mainly argues that it is not inherently wrong. Persuasion in the novel’s early chapters works in two forms: as an overpowering force on the foolish like Sir Walter, or as an importantRead MoreMarriage Traditions in Persuasion by Jane Austen Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesfor money, for climbing social status, escapism, survival, etc. In Jane Austen’s novels, she focuses on the importance of marriage in her world because she wanted to emphasize how marriage is the most important life event of a woman as this would determine her place in society. Persuasion shows readers good and bad examples of marriage: the amiable Crofts and other couples such as Sir Walter Lady Elliot and the Smiths. Jane A usten uses the Crofts to support the importance of marriage equality asRead More Chapter One of Persuasion by Jane Austen Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One of Persuasion by Jane Austen Chapter one of Persuasion makes use of a highly economic narrative style, which celebrates Austen’s success as a novelist. Austen’s narrative style is so successful in chapter one of Persuasion as many of the characters are introduced to the reader along with the majority of the main themes which concern them in the novel. Austen clearly underlines that she is writing with a novelist’s voice, using traditional conventions of third person with past

Strategic Operations Management Nokia Strategy

Question: Describe about the Strategic Operations Management for Nokia Strategy. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses how Nokia went through an organizational change strategy that enabled them find the success of adopting the windows phone platform. The paper analyzes some of the change strategy issues like resistance from stakeholders, conflict with the newly appointed CEO, the waves of resignation and cultural conflict that played during this strategic change(Nokia, 2016). The paper will also discuss marketing issue that included customer resistance, Intels response, network operator resistance and software development challenges. At the end, the paper will discuss ways that Nokia could have overcome some of the challenge that it faced during this time of strategic change. Background Nokia is one of the oldest company in the world. The company began in 1865 as a single paper mill operator by a Finnish Engineer Fredrik Idestam who set up the initial wood pulp mill in Southern Finland. At this, the first foundation of Nokia was layed(Anon., 2016). There are several strategic phases that the company went through and in in 1960 Nokia was a conglomerate which comprised of forestry, rubber, cable, power generation and electronics business. This resulted from a merger of Idestams Nokia AB and the Finnish Cable Works limited, a power cable and telephone producer which was founded in 1912 among other businesses. Through its different strategic journey the Finnish based company has since great geographical rise, from a Finnish focused company until the 80s when it began to experience a European and Nordic presence to becoming an bonafide European company in the 1990s(Nokia, 2016). By this time, Nokia became a multinational company with special focus on mobile and telecommu nication technology. Nokia entered the mobile phone market in the 1980s, by 1990s Nokia corporation launched phones with innovative features among other unique form factors that quickly respond the needs in the existing markets that led it to become one of the largest in the world. The company later on adopted different strategic changes. The nature of changes also affected the company on a larger or smaller scale. It also had an effect on the company operations which are provide in the next sections. Unfortunately, even with new changes, Nokia continued to experience a downturn in sales. Some of the changes proposed for the company included: Aiming to attain volume and value in growth through connecting the company with internet developing markets by the introduction of Nokia Windowss phone which was done through forming a strategic partnership with Microsoft to build a joint mobile ecosystem(Nokia, 2016). The change was also meant to make a focused investment in the next generation technologies through new leadership. The following sections discusses some of the obstacles with the proposed strategic change at Nokia. Employee resistance to strategic change with the new CEO For most companies, one of the most difficult situations that Executives face is resistance to change. This type of resistance usually take a number of forms that contribute to reduction in the companys output, at this the company is bound to experience a lot of employee turnover or transfers, chronic quarrels, hostility and slowdown at work. In most cases when executive experience this kind of resistance, they will tend to explain by assuming that in is normal for people to be difficult to change(Shilov, 2011). However, this was not the case of Nokia, when they resisted their new CEO Stephen Elop. There was employee protest march that followed this change, where thousands of employees marched out of the multimillion company to participate(ccsoya, 2011). They were not happy with the announcement that due to the change they were going to lose their jobs. This brought about a lot of confusion in the company as many of them did not know the way forward about their job roles(Lunden, 2012 ). During his Tenure, Nokias share are also reported to have fallen by 60% even with the new partnership of Microsoft to produce windows phone. The sales started to collapse from the outdated Symbian system to the untested unknown windows choosing it over the more popular android system that was introduced by google(MarketNews, 2012). The large number of these protesters were involved in the Symbian platform which means they were naturally concerned about the future role in the company immediately the partnership of Nokia and windows was fully integrated in the system(Lawton, 2011). This also meant that a bigger number of these employees would be concerned especially after Stephen Elop announced that there would be remarkable reduction of employees in different departments all over the world, those who would be most affected were the Nokia employees and not those of windows technology(Moore, 2012). According to a report by Reuters, Finlands Economy Minister Maura Pekkarinen advised that the restructuring of Nokia to form partnership with Microsoft was one of the largest structural change that ever affected in Finlands technological platform. After the announcement of the partnership, employees and customers alike were against it. At this time the companys share were reported to flop by 14% in the New York Stock exchange while its partners Microsoft shares only went down by 1%(ccsoya, 2011).(Moore, 2012) At this, most employees felt that the move to partnership was premature and was uncalled for. There was also the challenge of cultural differences during this change moment. The first person to point out cultural issues on organizational change was Hofstede in his theory discussing reasons people respond in different perspective to change management. According to Hofstede (2001), on cultural distance shows measures based on different dimensions of Hofstede that include uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and individualism (Hofstede, 2001). In the most recent times, Hofstede added another fifth dimension which is the long term orientation. However, this has received less attention when compared with the other four. The change management issue at Nokia is based on cultural differences between the CEOs native country and Finland. This was evident between the Scandinavian and the North American cultures. Especially with regard to the Finnish feminine who have a strong uncertainty and avoidance characteristics, were much underestimated. Elop himself being a Canadian was the first non-Finnish CEO of Nokia since 1896. When Nokia was still dominant in 2010 as the largest private company in Finland. In present times, this has changed and the company has a mix of different cultures with only about half of employees being Finnish(Hofstede, 2001). With reference to Hofstede theory of cultural differences, Finland is known to be a feminine country that has a higher rate of uncertainty and avoidance. In this regard, most employees in Finland would prefer to cooperate, care for the less unfortunate and have equal right to life. Finland people also are not used to many uncertainties about life and ways of life, they are always working hard to make sure that such incidences do not occur. Due to this, the shock of having 1000 of employees layed off due to the partnership with Microsoft did not take the country well. All these incidences were blamed at the new CEO Stephen Elop. By the fact that they walked out of his office and marched out against the announcement showed that, they have a strong issue with uncertainty avoidance(BBC, 2012). In contrast, the country that Elop came from, Canada, it has a strong masculine culture that exercises a lot of individualism with low incidences of uncertainty and avoidance. This meant that Elop was used to a culture that people learnt to take care of themselves and such announcement would be taken though with disregard, but with a lot of strive for better achievements and material compensation. This also shows that Elop and his change management experts, did not take time to learn about the cultural differences of the country and that of his native home or that of United States which is the home of Microsoft. For this reason, is proposals were met with a lot of resistance(Lunden, 2012). Customers Resistance According to Hofstede (2001), change in the organisations operations in the market comes with a lot of cost. It will alter its market and force the company to bring about change in its whole business structure. This will involve redefining jobs roles, cutting down positions and creating new posts. In a huge structure such as that of Nokia, power will also be transferred and change in reporting authorities(Shilov, 2011). Hofstede (2001) adds that any organizational change is there to increase efficiency, performance and profits for the organisations. Change will enable organisations meet their goals and come up with new guidelines to cooperate. In this regard, change will also affect the companys products which eventually affects the demand for these products(Andrews, 2012). In Nokia, after the partnership, they were met with a lot of customer resistance to the new partnership. It is devastating to note that even with the new partnership, the company did not do well in the market as it had not strategies to combat resistance from customers. Nokia supporters and Symbian users in the country were angry about the announcement they did not like the fact that Nokia was changing platforms which had created a lot of loyalty and accrued a huge number of users over the years. The outsider windows platform was seen as the biggest enemy since its offering came with the abandonment of their native MeeGo and Symbian. In addition, the network operators were not easy to change to the Nokia ecosystem due to Skype(Kurri, 2012). This voice application makes customers use internet connection to make national and international calls and is provided by Microsoft(Skype, 2016). They knew that introducing the windows phone in the market would eventually affect their network profits as people would easily communication by the use of Skype application once they are connected to the internet. This would put their internationally calling profits to a high time low. However to counter this, Nokia assured network users that they would allow network operators to include Skype as part of their default application which means it would incur extra charges once a customer used it to make national or international call(Meyer, 2011). With regard to software development for the new Nokia windows phone, the company also encountered challenges. This is because Nokia had been supporter of free and open source software (F/OSS)-Qt for a long time(Kurri, 2012). The application framework was embraced as it shared across the MeeGo and Symb(Ziegler, 2011)ian Both of them being projects that were tested and applied. On the other hand, the Microsoft Windows phone was a very proprietary platform like the Apple iOS which its closed source nature limited the freedom of development and innovation at a high degree(MarketNews, 2012). The Nokia platform had a lot of restriction that just saw many developers for the software application that would be used by the operators walk away. Discussion- Overcoming challenges faced by Nokia CEO Stephen Elop As discussed above, managing change is always a difficult task for any leader and there is not perfect ways that one can introduce change in organisations. However there are several areas that Stephen Elop would have considered to ensure that change was implemented. First, it is important to identify the need for change in the company and find ways to demonstrate why it was necessary for Nokia to make partnership with Microsoft. In this regard, as the CEO, one would have to inform employees and other stakeholders on the need for change in the company. It is important to make sure that they understood this need before change took place. At this, it would be necessary to conduct a cultural and customer loyalty analysis to the brand to know how change would be approached. For example due to the fact that Finnish people are of the uncertainty avoidance culture, as a CEO one would assure them of their Job security among other benefits should one be layed off instead of simply putting down to them(wallstreet, 2011). It would also be important for the CEO to consider training the existing employees on the new windows technologies so that they could be absorbed in the new management structure instead of having staff from Microsoft do the work. It is also important to watch out for staff reaction to weigh whether the new strategic direction is well received or would rather implement the change in another ways(Lunden, 2012). At this, a market analysis is also needed to find how customers would embrace the new product once in the market. If these areas were considered, there would be less resistance to change. Conclusion In conclusion, the move by Nokia to create partnership with Microsoft for the manufacturing of windows phone, drastically affected it customer map. It is important that the company come up with a new strategy on how to regain its former glory and improve its market share. References Andrews, R., 2012. Another Nokia Exec Out: UK Head Jumps To Pace As President. [Online] Available at: https://gigaom.com/2010/09/20/419-another-nokia-exec-out-uk-head-jumps-to-pace-as-president/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Anon., 2016. Nokia Corp(Nok.N). [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/chart?symbol=NOK.N [Accessed 27 October 2016]. BBC, 2012. Nokia cuts another 10,000 jobs as losses deepen. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18438052 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. ccsoya, 2011. Nokia employees dont seem to agree with Elop on the Microsoft move. [Online] Available at: https://www.soyacincau.com/2011/02/13/nokia-employees-dont-seem-to-agree-with-elop-on-the-microsoft-move/ [Accessed 28 october 2016]. Hofstede, G., 2001. Cultures consequences:Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, (2nd ed.),. s.l.:Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.. Kurri, S., 2012. The story of Nokia MeeGo. [Online] Available at: https://muropaketti.com/artikkelit/the-story-of-nokia-meego [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Lawton, C., 2011. Nokia's Pain Become's Finland's. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304563104576359743926525676 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Lunden, I., 2012. Nokia Bridge: Nokias Incubator Gives Departing Employees 25k And More To Pursue Ideas That Nokia Has Not. [Online] Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/10/nokia-bridge-nokias-incubator-gives-departing-employees-e25k-and-more-to-pursue-ideas-that-nokia-has-not/ [Accessed 27 October 2013]. MarketNews, 2012. UPDATE 1-Accenture to cut more ex-Nokia staff in Finland. [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/accenture-nokia-idUSL5E8G944P20120509 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Meyer, D., 2011. Nokia's Elop to sell remaining Microsoft shares. [Online] Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/nokias-elop-to-sell-remaining-microsoft-shares-4010021695/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Moore, A., 2012. The Final Reckoning: Burning Platforms Memo Damaged Nokia: Wiped out $13B revenues, Destroyed $4B profits in just 12 months. [Online] Available at: https://communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2012/06/the-final-reckoning-of-burning-platforms-memo-damaged-nokia-by-wiping-out-13b-in-revenues-and-destro.html [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Nokia, 2016. Home. [Online] Available at: https://www.nokia.com/en_int [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Shilov, A., 2011. Intel: Nokia was a wrong partner. [Online] Available at: https://www.xbitlabs.com/news/mobile/display/20110519215126_Intel_Nokia_Was_a_Wrong_Partner.html [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Skype, 2016. Skype and Microsoft have Big Dreams. [Online] Available at: https://www.skype.com/en/about/#more [Accessed 27 October 2016]. wallstreet, 2011. Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elops Burning Platform Memo. [Online] Available at: https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Ziegler, C., 2011. Nokia CEO Stephen Elop rallies troops in brutally honest 'burning platform' memo? (update: it's real!). [Online] Available at: https://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/nokia-ceo-stephen-elop-rallies-troops-in-brutally-honest-burnin/ [Accessed 27 October 2016].

Tuberculosis Essays (584 words) - Tuberculosis,

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has existed since 2000 BC. There has been evidence of tubercles in mummified Egyptian mummies dating around 2400 BC with clear symptoms of the disease. The Greeks were the people to give the disease its name tuberculosis which means small lumps. The major epidemics of tuberculosis were in the seventeenth century and in the nineteenth century, which mainly affected the Untied States and Europe. Little was known about how to fight or cure tuberculosis and there was also little research done on tuberculosis. It wasnt until the nineteenth century that great strives was made in helping find a cure for tuberculosis. In 1882 Robert Koch discovered a staining technique that eventually let him see the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. An American physician Edward Trudeus built the first American sanatorium, because of his experiences with tuberculosis. By 1930 the United States had 600 sanatoriums with a total of 84,000 beds. Bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin worked with a violent strain of tuberculosis at the Pasteur Institute. In 1924 they developed a vaccination called BCG. They first administered the BCG vaccine to a young boy who was at a very high risk of developing Tuberculosis. The vaccine was successful and the newborn never developed the disease. Then in 1944 microbiologist Selman Waksman isolated an anti tuberculosis antibiotic, antinomyein but was too toxic for humans or animals to use. In 1943 Waksman discovered streptomycin a substance from streptomyes griseus that killed the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis, being the modern era of antibiotic therapy. With the use of antibiotics, tuberculosis decreased through out the world for the next thirty years. Mortality rates dropped sharply. In the United States tuberculosis dropped from 188 per 100,000 people in 1980 to about 1 per 100,000 people in 1980. The new cure for Tuberculosis was working so well that medical experts expected that tuberculosis would be completely eliminated by the year 2010. Unfortunately by 1985 tuberculosis began to get out of control in most underdeveloped countries and even in the United States where it increased by 20 percent. One reason for the increase of tuberculosis was HIV. People how became infected with HIV have their immune systems weakened by the disease which greatly increase the risk of getting tuberculosis. The increase of tuberculosis was the highest in African and Asia, where HIV infects the highest number of people in the world. Another reason for the increase of tuberculosis was the failure of patients to complete their whole proscribed medicine. Most people take the medicine until the felt better unaware that they have to take the whole dose of medicine to fully get rid of the disease. Also that by not fully finishing their medicine the disease had became resistant to some of the medicine s. Both of my articles that I used for this paper were very well written out they explained every thing and had bold face captions for things that were really important. I think that the articles did a good job in getting their point across especially about the mutation of tuberculosis and its resistance against medicine. I think that its us as the patients fault for not fully taking our medicine, but I think its also the doctors fault to because they never tell me that I have to take the whole perception or else the disease will became resistant to it next time. Bibliography http//www.state.nj.us/health/cd/tbhistry.com, A History of Tuberculosis http//www.content.health.msn.com, Tuberculosis Science Essays